Capacitors
Ceramic dielectric materials resist higher voltages than other isolating materials such as plastic or alumina oxide. Ceramic capacitors are often chosen because they are small (down to 0201) and because of their low equivalent series resistance (ESR) over a wide frequency band. Low ESR at higher frequency results in less self-heating. Ceramic capacitors are available in values up to 100 µF but typically used up to 1 µF. Examples of dielectric material in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) are C48X, NP0 or X7R. NP0 is only available in values up to 1 nF and X7R is available from a few pF to tenths of µF. NP0 and X7R has low piezo effect which makes them possible to use in audio applications. In the input stage of a power supply, there is sometimes a so-called X capacitor in ceramic material between phase and neutral. The advantage is that the capacitor is small and cheap, but the disadvantage is that it can be damaged by voltage transients from the grid.
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